Plato :: essays research papers

Plato was a Greek philosopher during the 4th century BCE. He was born in 427BCE, during the â€Å"Golden Age of Athens.† His birth was three years after the Peloponnesian War began and one year after Pericles died from the plague. Plato was the son of Ariston, a descendant from the last king of Athens and Perictone, a descendant of Solon. Solon was an aristocratic reformer who wrote the constitution that established Athenian democracy. Plato’s family supported Pericles as leader of Athens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elected annually as the first citizen of aristocracy , Pericles ruled from 450 BCE until his death in 429 BCE. At the start of the 5th century BCE Athens had become a corrupt democracy. The Aristocratic families who owned the land were fighting the larger majority who were poor. The latter demanded for equal rights and representation. Pericles dominated Greek politics and expanded the Athenian Empire. He assisted in developing building projects that gave jobs to the poor, these building projects included the chief temple to Athena, the Goddess of wisdom. He also supported the strengthening of a political doctrine that was for egalitarianism, equal rights of speech, political equality and material prosperity in trading and industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Peloponnesian War pitted the Athenian democracy against the militaristic, authoritarian Spartans. In 404BCE after many years at war, the Athenian government surrendered. The rule of the thirty, a oligarchy of ancient Athens created by Lysander under Spartan auspices, took over the government. The aristocratic leaders conducted a vicious reign of terror. Among these leaders were Charmides (Plato’s uncle) and Critias (Plato’s cousin). The Rule of the thirty was overthrown at Piraeus (now Piraià ©vs) by Thrasybulus in 403BCE. After democracy was being restored and the rule of the thirty brought to an end, the Philosopher Socrates was charged with crimes against the government. His charges included impiety which is speaking against the gods, Athens felt that Socrates was starting a strange cult. He was also charged with corrupting the youth, Socrates was trying to teach morality and ethics to the youth of Athens for he felt that Athenians lost their ethics in the war, but the government interpreted his teaching differently. The Council of 500 served as Socrates' judge and as his jury. Two hundred and eighty-one members of the council voted to convict. They give Socrates a choice between exile and death. Socrates decides death by poison. Socrates read his â€Å"Apology† at his trial which was his defense.

Boston Red Sox Management Report Essay

The Boston Red Sox are a privately owned organization located in the Kenmore Square part of the city. The team plays at Fenway Park, located at 4 Yawkey Way in Boston. The Red Sox Front Offices are also located at Fenway Park. The park is currently celebrating its one-hundredth year, and is the oldest park in Major League Baseball The organization is tall in structure but is also departmentalized by function within this structure. At the top of this structure are the three owners, John Henry, Larry Lucchino, and Tom Werner. This ownership group purchased the Boston Red Sox for $380 million in 2002 (Ozanian, 2012). John Henry is the Red Sox’ principal owner, while Larry Lucchino serves as the President and CEO, and Tom Werner serves as Chairman. This departmentalization can be seen one level down in the hierarchy of the Boston Red Sox. Under the owners, there are sixteen different departments. These sixteen departments consist of the typical organizational departments such as Marketing, Legal, Human Resources and Information Technology departments, but there are also several environmentally specific departments. These environmentally specific departments include Ticketing, Baseball Operations, Fan services and Entertainment, and Ballpark Operations. The heads of these sixteen departments report directly to the President and CEO, Larry Lucchino. The Boston Red Sox are privately owned and operated, meaning that they are not sold and traded on the stock market and that all funding comes directly from the owners themselves. The Boston Red Sox gain most of their revenue through ticket sales, as they are known for constantly having a full ballpark while having expesive ticket prices. In terms of sport, market, stadium, and brand management, they are valued at $912 million, the second highest valuation of the thirty teams in Major League Baseball (Ozanian, 2012). I spoke with Stephanie Maneikis, the Senior Manager for Fan Services and Entertainment with the Boston Red Sox. She is in charge of a plethora of different activities and people throughout the organization. These include managing Fenway Ambassadors, Yawkey Way Hosts, and Family Room staff, being he main liaison for the players’ wives and families, executing the pre-game ceremonies that take place prior to each game at Fenway Park, and overseeing the Yawkey Way and concourse entertainment. Stephanie told me that she began working for the Red Sox in 2006 as a Fenway Ambassador. She graduated from college in 2007 and after that, spent the next year working in a part-time capacity. During that year, she proved herself worthy of more and more responsibility. During the off-season of 2008, her manager at the time left the team and she was promoted to a full-time position as Coordinator of Fan Services & Entertainment. After a year as coordinator, she was named Manager, and was recently promoted to Senior Manager. Stephanie graduated from college with a Bachelor’s of Arts and her major was history. She told me that everything just sort of happened and fell into place for her. She likes to say she was in the right place at the right time, but she told me that she knows that she has worked extremely hard to get to where she is today. I asked Stephanie about the working atmosphere within the Boston Red Sox organization. She told me that working for the Boston Red Sox is a lesson in what it means to multi-task. There is never a dull moment and at any given time Stephanie could be working on 5 different projects, all of the utmost importance. It can be stressful, but at the end of the day she feels that it’s all worth it. Her co-workers make all the difference in the world and everyone within the organization feels like they are part of one big family. I also spoke with Kellie Holden, an Elon graduate who currently lives in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Kellie told me that she is a 6th grade special education teacher and she is responsible for teaching students who have reading and language based disabilities. We discussed how she got started with this type of work, and Kellie told me that she has always enjoyed working with children and during her senior year of high school she had an experience volunteering in an inclusion classroom with regular and special education students. Ever since that opportunity she knew that she wanted to be a special education teacher. I asked Kellie how she got her job and what jobs and experiences have led her to her present position. She told me that all of the practicum and student teaching experiences that she had at Elon were great on her resume, but they didn’t help her too much with connections back in Massachusetts. She had a few family friends who knew a few people in the town she currently works in. They were able to pass along her resume and get her an interview. Clearly, having connections is important in all fields, not just business. Finally, we discussed whether she finds her job exciting or boring. She informed that everyday at her job is different. She is always teaching new things which keeps it exciting, but her students make her job the most exciting. Working with special education students, nothing is ever simple but they make her smile every day. Lastly, I spoke with Patty Vattes, the Senior Manager of Human Resources with the Boston Red Sox. I asked Patty what makes a successful hire for the Boston Red Sox. She told me that the Red Sox view a successful hire as someone who is hard working, dedicated, innovative and willing to go the extra mile. Next we discussed the Red Sox’ approach to hiring and whether promoting from within is an important approach for the organization. She informed me that the Red Sox strive on the success from promoting from within. With almost all positions, the Red Sox look at internal candidates first and Patty told me that they are working on methods to improve that process. Lastly, I asked Patty what mistakes she has observed of unsuccessful candidates seeking to work with the Boston Red Sox. Patty said that an unsuccessful candidate with the Boston Red Sox is one who wants to work for the Boston Red Sox in any capacity and does not have a specific skill set or knowledge of the type of job they’d like to have. She told me that there have been many occasions when someone says they’ll do anything just to work for the Red Sox, and that is never a good statement to make. Clearly, like any business, the Red Sox want people with various skill sets and a not someone who just wants the glamour of working for a Major League Baseball team.

Manor House Paper

Manor House is a TV show about 12 people in real life, who choose to live in a manor house and live as a servants like the people in the Edwardian time period. These people choose to go three months away from their jobs and without all the luxuries of modern life. In Manor House there many servants, but there is also the family that runs and lives on the estate. This family on the show is the Olliff-Cooper family. Sir John is the Master of the House; it is his job to keep the estates up and running. Lady Olliff-Cooper is the Lady of the House.Her duty is to make sure that when there is a banquet everybody is sitting in the right order. Mister Jonathan and Master Guy are the two sons of the family. The last of the family is Miss Anson she is Lady Olliff-Cooper's sister. Miss Anson is unmarried, so she is living with her sister. After the family, the order of servants goes from highest rank, which is the butler, to the lowest rank of servant, which is the scullery maid. Mister Edgar is the butler. It is the butler’s job to keep the servants separate from the family and to keep the servants in order.Mrs. Davies is the housekeeper; her job is to make sure the female servants and male servants stay separate and that everybody is working as they should. Monsieur Dubiard is the chef, and his job is pretty obvious: to order, prepare and cook to the food for the family. The last upper servant is the lady’s maid, Miss Morrison. Her job is to prepare, the lady’s hair and clothes, and it is also her unspoken duty to gossip with her Lady about the lower servants. The highest lower servant is Charlie, the first footman.His duty is to serve Sir John and to dress him as well, but mostly his job is to be the butler’s right-hand man. Rob’s job as the Second Footman is to keep an eye on Master Guy, and that often means playing with him. Also his job is to get up early in the morning and dump everybody’s chamber pots. Rebecca is the first housemaid and Jessica is the second housemaid, and there is not much of a difference between the two housemaids, but mostly just the pay and what time one wakes up is different. Antonia is the kitchen maid, and her job is simple: to do whatever the chef tells her to do.Kenny is the hallboy. He is the lowest of the male servants, and his job is to do all the dirty jobs that anybody and everybody tells him to do. The lowest female servant rank is the scullery maid. Her job is basically to stay in the kitchen washing dishes all day long and in the show they cannot seem to keep a scullery maid. Kelly was the first scullery maid, but left after only two days. After her was Lucy the second scullery maid. She lasted longer than Kelly with a whole of a couple of weeks, but she couldn’t last the full three months.A major difficulty in this setting and time period is the lack of freedom. The servants were completely at the mercy of the masters, and if the family was unhappy with anythi ng that a servant did, such as speaking to the family, they could be dismissed at any time. The servants had time off was when everything was done, but like on the show the work is never done. If the work is never done, then people get overworked, leading to everybody being worn out. Being worn out had more than one disadvantage.One of the disadvantages is the fact that the servants can’t do their work to the best of their abilities. Another disadvantage is that people’s tempers are very short meaning they are more likely to speak against or in front of the family leading to their possible dismissal. What is worse than not having any rights is that back then men and women were unequal. The women were taken advantage of more often than not and they could do nothing about it, especially if it was the master. If there was a choice between a guy and a girl, they would choose the guy.The men would always get paid more than the women. And the worst part of this would be not be being able to fight this rule, or in that time period it might as well have been a law. The servants did not get paid very much and they were expected to just accept it because they were being given food and housing, so in reality they were little better than slaves. The only servant that was really treated well by everybody was the chef; he could leave the family at any time because a high-class chef was in high demandThe rules in the Edwardian time period were very strict. The female servants and the male servants were never to be engaged in anything romantic. To help with keeping the servants separate, the manor house was set up with the females living on the complete opposite side of the house as the males. Another rule was that if the family were walking down the stairs, the servants were to make themselves as invisible as possible, such as going into a corner facing the walls to make sure that they never made eye contact.Another rule is that the servants, except the butler and the lady’s maid, were never to speak in front of the masters. That rule is very important to them, and if a servant breaks it the consequence was often dismissal from the manor. Overall I think it would have been an interesting experience, and I most likely would have jumped at the chance if they had offered it to me. But I know for certain that would not have wanted to live during that time period! I would hate having to deal with all of those rules.

buy custom Theories of Adult Development essay

buy custom Theories of Adult Development essay This gist of the following paper will discuss the life structure theory explained by a psychiatrist, Daniel Levinson. He did this piece of work together with his associates while working at Yale University Medical School. This theory tends to explain to the general public, enterprises, and social organizations that relationships are derived from an individuals life structure. Levinson had a vision of a society that focuses on fulfilling the needs of adults; with the aim of giving them an easy task to put into their roles. Their roles in turn would benefit the young population in working on the foundations of their dreams.This paper will also look at the 6 phases of adulthood according to Levinson's theory. My main reason for choosing this theory is because it comprehensively and evidently covers all stages of the human development. Levinson saw an essentiality of the growth and development of the humanity in such a manner that it would be more competent as well as more compassionate. His dream came as a result of the hard and tricky times that he had to go through in his mid-life transition to success. Levinson amalgamated a passionate, systematic interest in the entire human race with a loving inquisitiveness about nature. With his colleagues, they calculated the lives of fifty men from five diverse walks of life. The theory summarizes his findings that there exists a series of change-overs and stages of comparative constancy in the life of a male adult. Every transition assesses the preceding structure of life, and the man evaluates its relevance for the subsequent years. Transitions come into the picture during times of havoc and stress. Those times that stability strengthens someon e are those with refreshed obligation and focus. Levinson conducted series rigorous interviews with men and women in 1978 and 1987 respectively. He personally opted to do his theoretical assessment according to the stages men and women had gone through in their lifetime. The centrality of his theory is that life structures are a foundation of an individuals pattern of life at any specific time. A person's life structure is molded by his/her social as well as physical environment. An array of individuals life structures mainly revolves family and work; however, other variables like religion, race, and financial status are important as well. In his theory, there are two key concepts; the Stable Period which involves the period when someone makes critical choices in life, and the Transitional Period which is the conclusion of an individual's stage and the commencement of a new one (Levinson 1978). Life for the period of these transitions may be either unsteady or smooth, but the quality and worth of ones life obligations often transfo rm between the beginning and end of that period. Levinson's four main seasonal ccles consist of the early adult transition, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. In the beginning, Levinson (1978) studied 40 mature males between 35 and 45 years of age. Early adulthood comes when men bring into being their occupations and families. After an assessment of themselves at about the age of 38, men settle down and put their whole efforts toward career development. Then an additional transition happens at about the age of 40, as men recognize that certain ambitions will not be fulfilled. Throughout middle adulthood, men focus on their particular personality and put more effort for nurturing their abilities and assets. Lastly, the transition to late adulthood involves the reflection of the achievements, underperformances and failures that they celebrate the rest of life. Afterwards, in 1987 Levinson interviewed 45 women between 35 and 45 years of age. A third of them were hom emakers, another one third college instructors, businesswomen had the same proportion. Generally, he realized that women experience a similar form of cycles just as men do. Nevertheless, the life stages of women are usually closely connected with the life cycle of the family. Generally, in a deeper perspective, these periods of transition can be scrutinized to be six in number. When broken down, they include; early adult transition, between the ages of 17-22. This is when someone leaves adolescence and makes the first choices for adult life. The arrival into the adult world is between the ages of 22-28. During this time, individuals make decisions based on preliminary choices in affection, occupation, companionship, lifestyle and values. The age of 30 and beyond begins with a transition from 28-33 years of age. At this time, variations arise in the life structure; this can either be a moderate change or often a stressful predicament. The next stage is where an individual needs to relax, and Levinson branded it as Settling down. This occurs between the ages of 33-40. Here, there is an establishment of a niche in the society, advancement in a schedule, not only in family but also other career undertakings. Individuals are expected to reason and act as paren ts would do. This is the period where they face more challenging roles and anticipations. The fifth stage of life transition is the Mid-life transition between the ages of 40-45. Life structure poses as the main question, typically a period of crisis insignificance, direction, and worth of every single person's life. Ignored fragments of oneself-e.g. talents, desires, and aspirations always have the capacity to be sought and expressed. Men are perceived more as fathers and mothers than as brothers and sisters. This is in reference to other men who are to some extent younger and this message irritates them on their first encounter with it. Moreover at this period, men develop a progressively more awareness of death as they arre constantly reminded that life is short. They turn into an active participation to attempt to leave a legacy, and this commonly forms the core characteristic of the second half of their lives. The next stage is termed as entering middle adulthood which is betwe en the ages of 45-50. At this stage, choices are a necessity and a new life structure comes into the picture (Gergen 1985).An individual must pledge to new tasks. Between the ages of 50-55, termed as age of 50 transitions, Levinson noted that one could not escape a moderate transition disaster. Therefore, matters that were not fully addressed in the preceding transitions came out vehemently. The ages of 55-60 are the Second middle adult structure whereby just as the period of settling, the men have to organize themselves for the subsequent transition which is from middle adulthood and into late adulthood. Some individuals embrace this time for upgrading and realization the ages of 50. Ages of 60-65, the late adult transition, forestalls the modification in the structure from the preceding period to late adulthood. Here, changes in career are to be expected, and this would have an impact on ones self and associations. Deep reflection is associated with it and for some, this change is predominantly painful, so they attempt to avoid it. The Late adult era occurs from 65 years and above. The gentlemen must look into the sense of their earlier bein g, and begin to form the structure framed in the late adult transition. Considerably, further needs should be well-read about this period. Daniel Levinson collected this information for his studymany years ago, soon after the Great Depression. Due to this period, men came from stable families, had truthful objectives for their life and developed into adults in the growing economy. Men who have matured in the previous 4-5decades, nevertheless, have had to cope with unstable families because of extraordinary divorce rates, and their objectives are much more problematic to achieve. They have similarly to cope with a changing economy. Therefore, these modifications make it hard to relate Levinson's readings to the contemporary generation (Gergen 1991). Adult development changes with a similar change in the surroundings of an individual. Someones social class determines his/her future as well as his/his physical environment. When an individual grows, he or she develops into a new form of being. His or her attitudes, thoughts, roles, appearance, values, and capabilities change according to the age bracket he or she falls. Though the expectations are always dictated by the external forces, people still try to adjust to a niche that fit them best. Therefore, as Daniel Levinson puts it, "Adults hope that life begins at 40, but the anxiety is that it ends there." Buy custom Theories of Adult Development essay

Mesopotamian And Egyptian Rulers

Mesopotamian And Egyptian Rulers There are a few similarities between the attitudes that people, in both Mesopotamia and Egypt, had about their rulers. Despite theses similarities, there were also significant differences. There were very different definitions of who ruled, and how they ruled, each land.Mesopotamia was the first identifiable civilization in the Ancient world. Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, it was given its name by the Greeks, literally meaning "the country between rivers." The name referred mainly to the land of Sumer, however it also included the countries of Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria. All were connected by the Tigris and the Euphrates, which flooded swiftly and irregularly (at different times during the year).Ancient Egypt was located closer to the Nile and Indus rivers. The Nile Valley of Egypt was notably different from the Tigris and Euphrates. The waters flowed slowly and flooded on a much more predictable basis .PharaohRock walls and barren desert closed off Egypt from the rest of the continent.In Mesopotamia, it was believed that gods ruled the world. They were said to have behaved like human beings only they lived much longer; they existed forever. Each individual god embodied the most important natural entities; they were earth, sky, sun, moon, storm, fresh water and salt water. Statues, set in individual temples, represented each god. They inhabited the statues in the same manner that souls inhabit human bodies .Mesopotamian cities developed around the temples of the gods. The people of these cities were servants to their gods. If they served them well, they would reap the benefits. However, if the gods were not pleased, there would be severe repercussions in the form of famine, invasion and so forth .The people of Mesopotamia believed that the gods were petty, just as people could...

Is Sports Cmpetition Relevant to Academic Learning

Is Sports Cmpetition Relevant to Academic Learning Read whether sports competition is relevant to academic learning. Learning Theories and Relevance of Competitive Sport Learning theories have significant implications in the way academic  institutions facilitate learning. For instance, learning through reward and punishment  is Behaviorist learning practices while learning through input and memorization of educational materials is a Cognitive-learning concept. Similarly, the term â€Å"student-centered† learning is a Constructivist idea that people learn better when they â€Å"construct† own knowledge and meaning. However, since the aim of applying these learning theories in a school setting is to enhance knowledge of curriculum, they do not support the kind of knowledge acquired through sports competition similar to the volleyball match where athletes with #PusoAteneo won. Social Learning Theory is for learning social skills and therefore not academically relevant. Some literature argues that it is relevant to physical education, as such academic subject contributes to socially and morally educated citizens. The problem, however, is the fact that physical education is never for students’ social or moral development, but for learning health-related activities. Moreover, social skills and moral values allegedly developed from physical education are results rather than a facilitator of academic learning. You may be interested in: Practice What You Preach Is High IQ a Guarantee of Academic Success? Contrary to common belief, sport is not synonymous with physical education. Sports are physical activities in which adults and young people compete while physical education is a learning process prescribed by the curriculum. Although the subject often includes sports, there is no inherent necessity for physical education to foster and promote competitive behavior. Sport, therefore, is never an academic subject while competitive behavior is exclusive to sport. Overall, competition is not an objective in physical education and irrelevant to academic learning. The question is why schools are so eager about competition and spending significant time and money on their respective sports teams. The True Benefit of Sport Competition The study shows that participation in sport is mostly an individual decision while school-sponsored sports competition is an after-school activity. The common objective is to facilitate the skills and knowledge necessary to support a healthy and productive lifestyle. Interscholastic sport or â€Å"varsity sport† is the system of competition between schools, but remains an extracurricular activity in terms of funding. Collegiate sports or sports competition between colleges and universities, on the other hand, are governed by private national organizations. The academic institutions, however, provide the funding and give a full scholarship to their athletes. Successful athletes in return generate a large amount of revenue for their school. The learning benefit of sports competition appears limited to elementary and school. Sport in higher education seems more of a business strategy than a learning experience. In fact, collegiate sports in North America according to author Maylon Hanold are â€Å"solidly a business† within academic institutions. Most successful teams and athletes received money from corporate sponsors and therefore always determined to win regardless of injury or being involved in cheating. The #PusoAteneo or â€Å"Heart of Ateneo† University is, therefore, referring to college athletes’ competitive spirit or the â€Å"heart of champion† that has nothing to do with physical education and academic learning.

Brownings Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Brownings Plan - Case Study Example The operational efficiency and profitability of an organization is greatly related to its organizational structure. For the better functioning of the organization, the duties and responsibilities of each of the individuals in the organizations have to be clearly defined and implemented. The restructuring of the organizational structure will be capable of introducing new organizational culture in the firm. Division of work helps to avoid the waste of time and effort resulting from the inefficient operations of less experienced personnel. Thus by consulting with Howard, the firm is going for a restructure by implementing Likert Linking Pin Model. It is used to bring effective change in an organization by introducing team work. As per the model there will be several interrelated working units in the organization and these units will be linked through some individuals. These individuals are known as linking pins. The interrelated work units are formed in upper levels and lower levels. The member of a higher level unit will be the leader of the lower level unit. These people act as linking pins between the upper and lower groups. Thus he holds a dual task of leading his team and at the same time he has to represent his team and protect the interest of that team in the organization. Thus Likert Pin model focuses on the group relationship and these groups will lead the firm to progress. (Linking Pin Model). Organizational Culture, Planning and decision making: These three are the important factors for the success of an organization. When the organization is going through tough conditions, there is a need for organizational changes. Here Browning and Howard are going to implement Likert Plan. Selecting a plan for the restructuring is not a difficult task. But the implementation needs cautious steps. Here the organizational environment and culture has to play an important role. Every strategy will be changed according to the specific organizational climate. Otherwise there will not be desired output. Likewise the planning and decision making are other important factors. Implementation and controlling etc. should be done in this stage. Effectiveness of Browning's Plan in respect of principles of organizational culture: Organizational culture plays a very important role in human system. The culture of a group means the sample of some assumptions that the group learned and solved the problem of external alteration and internal amalgamation. In organizational culture, values are already declared and some values are assumable ones. In the society, the history of the group consists of many stories and mythology. In organization people interact with each other, with outsiders and the surroundings. The organizational culture concentrates on the human side of the organizational life and it creates the significance of suggest a system to promote the people jointly work together and accomplish the desired objectives. This approach needs members. The members consist of leaders. Leaders have a specialized skill and behavior. They recognize the impact of their behavior in the organizationa